Ganje Law Office

Archive for July, 2009

Because involuntary cases are just a small percentage of bankruptcy cases as a whole, parties do not always realize that the administration of such cases differs in significant respects from the more familiar voluntary cases. The purpose of this article is to provide some pointers to those who occasionally practice in this area. This two-part series will present my top twenty tips for petitioners, judges, alleged debtors, assignees, secured creditors and trustees.

Tips for Petitioners

1. You May File An Involuntary Only Under Chapter 7 Or Chapter 11

Section 303(a) of the Bankruptcy Code only permits involuntary cases under either chapter 7 or chapter 11 of the Code. No involuntary chapter 9, chapter 12 or chapter 13 cases are authorized. Further, an involuntary cannot be commenced against a farmer, family farmer or not for profit entity.

If your goal is simply to liquidate the assets of the debtor, chapter 7 is the preferred choice. If, however, your goal includes the possible rehabilitation of the debtor, chapter 11 is a better choice, especially if there is a business involved.

Remember that chapter 7 is less costly than chapter 11. The filing fee is less and there is no exposure for payment of U.S. Trustee quarterly fees payable under 28 U.S.C. § 1930, which arguably could be levied against you by virtue of having commenced the case.

2. You May Request A Trustee Be Appointed Before The Order For Relief

The debtor can be ousted from possession of its assets before an order for relief is entered, even if the debtor has not answered the petition or is vigorously contesting it. In a chapter 7 case the standard for this remedy under § 303(g) of the Code is the need to preserve assets or prevent loss of estate property. In a chapter 11 case, the standards under § 1104(a) & (b) are fraud, dishonesty, incompetence, gross mismanagement, or, alternatively, the best interests of creditors, equity security holders and the estate. If you are considering requesting a trustee, then what evidence you have under the differing standards is a factor in determining which chapter to file.

In that regard also remember that your input in the selection of the trustee is different in chapter 7 than in chapter 11. In chapter 7 the trustee is typically appointed by the U.S. Trustee from the private panel of trustees. [ii] The petitioner has no right to participate in the selection and generally will not be asked to do so. (Of course, in the event relief is ordered, creditors may exercise their right to vote for a trustee at the meeting of creditors. But this may not occur until weeks or months later). In chapter 11, on the other hand, the U.S. Trustee has the statutory obligation to consult with parties in interest, including you, about the selection, and you can request an election if you are not satisfied with the person the U.S. Trustee appoints.

3. You May Request That Debtor’s Power To Act Be Limited

Whether the case is one under chapter 7 or chapter 11, the appointment of a trustee before the order for relief is a drastic remedy and one that you may not be able to or even wish to pursue. Nevertheless, there are other available ways to restrict the debtor’s conduct. Generally, the debtor is free to act, to obtain and dispose of property, as if the involuntary case had not been commenced. That power to act, however, is subject to the exceptions clause of § 303(f) that provides that the court may order otherwise. Thus, if you know or have reason to believe that the debtor is contemplating some action that may adversely affect your interests, you may request the court to prohibit the debtor from engaging in that conduct.

4. You May Cure A Defective Petition Through Joinder Of Additional Creditors

As a petitioning creditor you may file an involuntary case against the debtor unless the debtor has twelve or more creditors, in which case you need at least two other creditors to join in the petition. If the debtor’s answer asserts that there are twelve or more creditors, then pursuant to Fed.R.Bank.P. 1003(b) you should request a reasonable time within which to join at least two other creditors. If the others join, it is as if they were creditors from the commencement of the case, and the otherwise defective petition is considered cured pursuant to § 303(c).

5. There Is A New Rule For Involuntary Partnership Cases

Fed.R.Bank.P. 1014 “Partnership Petition” is amended effective December 1, 2002. The amended rule, retitled “Involuntary Petition Against a Partnership,” makes stylistic changes and deletes former section (a) that had implied that one or more general partners may not commence a voluntary partnership case absent the consent of all the general partners. The effect of the amendment will be to permit a voluntary filing, if the partnership agreement permits less than all of the partners to bind all partners. Therefore, where state law allows a bankruptcy filing, the rule will no longer preclude it. Note, however, that since the partnership agreement controls, failure to achieve the requisite vote under the agreement in favor of filing the case will still require those who want to file to do so by an involuntary petition to which the dissenters may object.

Based on the new rule, if you are a general partner contemplating becoming a petitioner in an involuntary case against your partnership, carefully examine your partnership agreement before you do so. That agreement may allow you to file the partnership as a voluntary case, thereby expediting the administration of the case and saving you from needless litigation.

6. You May Dismiss An Involuntary Case Only On Notice To All Creditors

Section 303(j) severely limits your ability to cause the involuntary, once commenced, to be dismissed. The case may be dismissed only after a hearing on notice to all creditors. This rule applies notwithstanding the debtor’s consent to dismissal or where you have done nothing to prosecute the case. According to the legislative history “the purpose of the subsection is to prevent collusive settlements among the debtor and the petitioning creditors while other creditors, that wish to see relief ordered with respect to the debtor but that did participate in the case, are left without sufficient protection.” House Report No. 95-595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 324 (1977); Senate Report No. 95-989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 35 (1978). Moreover, pursuant to Fed.R.Bank.P. 1017(d), notice to all creditors is necessary even if the court decides to dismiss the case under the abstention provision of § 305(a)(1).

Because it is frequently difficult, if not impossible, to obtain a list of creditors, this requirement is not always enforced. You, however, should not assume that the rule will not be enforced in your case. Furthermore, in the event you are able to reach a settlement with the debtor and do wish to dismiss the case, your notice to creditors should make explicit the terms of the settlement in order to avoid its being deemed “collusive” and, therefore, subject to objection by creditors and rejection by the court for that reason. Of course, you should also realize that a notice that fully discloses your favorable settlement is likely to invite objections by other creditors who do not stand to receive such treatment.

7. You Should File Proof Of Service

As a petitioning creditor you must serve the debtor with a copy of the petition and a summons. Fed.R.Bank.P. 1011(b) allows the debtor 20 days from service to answer or otherwise plead. That time is extended to 23 days if service is by mail, as it often is. See Fed.R.Bank.P. 9006(f). Section 303(h) requires the court to enter an order for relief if the petition is not timely controverted, but the court should not do so unless it has a basis to conclude that service has been properly effected. You can provide that basis by filing your proof of service with the court. Once the proof of service is on is file and the time to answer or otherwise plead has expired, you may be able to simply submit to the court a proposed order for relief with your proof of service. Inquire from the clerk if that will suffice or whether a motion to enter the order for relief is necessary.

8. You May Request The Court Designate A Person To File Lists And Schedules

Once the order for relief is entered the debtor has fifteen days to file the list of creditors, schedules and statement of affairs. Fed.R.Bank.P. 1007(a)(2) & (c). Oftentimes, the debtor does not willingly comply and the case languishes. Without at least the list of creditors, the meeting of creditors cannot be noticed and no trustee election held. In order to expedite the administration of the case, you can request the court to designate someone as the responsible person for filing the lists and schedules. See Fed.R.Bank.P. 9001(5). The designation can be done either in the order for relief or in a separate order. Once the designation is ordered, you can enforce compliance though the contempt procedure of Fed.R.Bank.P. 9020. Note that if you do not take the lead in designating someone to do these tasks, you risk being named as the person to do it yourself pursuant to Fed.R.Bank.P. 1007(k).

9. You Should Notify The U.S. Trustee When An Order For Relief Is Entered

Once the order for relief is entered, a trustee needs to be appointed. The U.S. Trustee makes the appointment, not the court, so if the U.S. Trustee is not informed that an order for relief has been entered, the appointment will not be made, the case will languish and creditors’ rights may be adversely affected. Although the court may advise the U.S. Trustee that an order for relief has been entered, do not assume that it will do so or do so as quickly as you would like. As a famous maker of sporting goods likes to say, “just do it!”

10. You Should Promptly Make A Request For Payment Of Administrative Expense

Section 503(b)(3)(A) provides that you may be allowed an administrative expense for filing an involuntary petition and § 503(b)(4) extends the allowance to cover your attorney’s fees. You will need to file a request for payment of administrative expense, not a proof of claim, and obtain a court order allowing the expense. You should do this promptly, while the matter is fresh, even if there is no money to immediately pay the allowance. (If there is never going to be any money in the estate, you should be asking yourself why you filed the case in the first place).

Note that allowable expenses do not cover general participation in the case, but merely what was necessary to file and prosecute the petition to the order for relief. While some courts may construe these allowance provisions somewhat liberally, there really is no statutory basis to do so and an excessive request is likely to invite an objection by the U.S. Trustee.

In this regard also remember that a more generous allowance is possible under a “substantial contribution” theory, but the standard is more difficult to satisfy than merely the “actual and necessary” standard for administrative expenses. Furthermore, “substantial contribution” allowances under § 503(b)(3)(D) are only available in chapter 9 (where there are no involuntaries) or chapter 11, and not under chapter 7.

[i] The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of, and should not be attributed to, the United States Department of Justice or the United States Trustee Program. Contact the author at Richard.C.Friedman@usdoj.gov.

[ii] Section 701(a)(1) of the Code requires that an interim trustee selected after the order for relief either be a disinterested person who is a member of the panel of private trustees established under 28 U.S.C. § 586(a)(1) or have been serving immediately before entry of the order for relief. A “gap” trustee, therefore, is not required to be a panel trustee.

Richard C. Freidman is Trial Attorney, United States Trustee Program, Region 11 (Chicago) and can be reached at Richard.C.Friedman@usdoj.gov.

BANKRUPTCY LAW IS A FEDERAL LAW. THIS SHEET GIVES YOU SOME GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT HAPPENS IN A BANKRUPTCY CASE. THE INFORMATION HERE IS NOT COMPLETE. YOU MAY NEED LEGAL ADVICE.

When You File Bankruptcy

You can choose the kind of bankruptcy that best meets your needs (provided you meet certain qualifications):

• Chapter 7 – A trustee is appointed to take over your property. Any property of value will be sold or turned into money to pay your creditors. You may be able to keep some personal items and possibly real estate depending on the law of the State where you live and applicable federal laws.

• Chapter 13 – You can usually keep your property, but you must earn wages or have some other source of regular income and you must agree to pay part of your income to your creditors. The court must approve your repayment plan and your budget. A trustee is appointed and will collect the payments from you, pay your creditors, and make sure you live up to the terms of your repayment plan.

• Chapter 12 – Like chapter 13, but it is only for family farmers and family fishermen.

• Chapter 11 – This is used mostly by businesses. In chapter 11, you may continue to operate your business, but your creditors and the court must approve a plan to repay your debts. There is no trustee unless the judge decides that one is necessary; if a trustee is appointed, the trustee takes control of your business and property.

If you have already filed bankruptcy under chapter 7, you may be able to change your case to another chapter.

Your bankruptcy may be reported on your credit record for as long as ten years. It can affect your ability to receive credit in the future.
What Is a Bankruptcy Discharge and How Does It Operate?

One of the reasons people file bankruptcy is to get a “discharge.” A discharge is a court order which states that you do not have to pay most of your debts. Some debts cannot be discharged. For example, you cannot discharge debts for–

• most taxes;
• child support;
• alimony;
• most student loans;
• court fines and criminal restitution; and
• personal injury caused by driving drunk or under the influence of drugs.

The discharge only applies to debts that arose before the date you filed. Also, if the judge finds that you received money or property by fraud, that debt may not be discharged.

It is important to list all your property and debts in your bankruptcy schedules. If you do not list a debt, for example, it is possible the debt will not be discharged. The judge can also deny your discharge if you do something dishonest in connection with your bankruptcy case, such as destroy or hide property, falsify records, or lie, or if you disobey a court order.

You can only receive a chapter 7 discharge once every eight years. Other rules may apply if you previously received a discharge in a chapter 13 case. No one can make you pay a debt that has been discharged, but you can voluntarily pay any debt you wish to pay. You do not have to sign a reaffirmation agreement (see below) or any other kind of document to do this.

Some creditors hold a secured claim (for example, the bank that holds the mortgage on your house or the loan company that has a lien on your car). You do not have to pay a secured claim if the debt is discharged, but the creditor can still take the property.
What Is a Reaffirmation Agreement?

Even if a debt can be discharged, you may have special reasons why you want to promise to pay it. For example, you may want to work out a plan with the bank to keep your car. To promise to pay that debt, you must sign and file a reaffirmation agreement with the court. Reaffirmation agreements are under special rules and are voluntary. They are not required by bankruptcy law or by any other law. Reaffirmation agreements–

• must be voluntary;
• must not place too heavy a burden on you or your family;
• must be in your best interest; and
• can be canceled anytime before the court issues your discharge or within 60 days after the agreement is filed with the court, whichever gives you the most time.

If you are an individual and you are not represented by an attorney, the court must hold a hearing to decide whether to approve the reaffirmation agreement. The agreement will not be legally binding until the court approves it.

If you reaffirm a debt and then fail to pay it, you owe the debt the same as though there was no bankruptcy. The debt will not be discharged and the creditor can take action to recover any property on which it has a lien or mortgage. The creditor can also take legal action to recover a judgment against you.

IF YOU WANT MORE INFORMATION OR HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW THE BANKRUPTCY LAWS AFFECT YOU, YOU MAY NEED LEGAL ADVICE. THE TRUSTEE IN YOUR CASE IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR GIVING YOU LEGAL ADVICE.